linux内存管理
嵌入式处理器的分页管理为二级映射,内存空间与I/O空间统一编址,而x86处理器采用三级映射,内存空间与I/O空间独立编址。
在32位嵌入式系统中,存储空间的地址范围从0x0000_0000到0xFFFF_FFFF,内存和I/O共享从这4GB地址空间范围。
其主要包含以下几种存储空间:
1)设备空间(MT_DEVICE):二级分页
2)内部高速SRAM空间(MT_CACHECLEAN):一级分段
3)内部mini cache空间(MT_MINICLEAN):一级分段
4)低端中断向量(MT_LOW_VECTORS):两级分页
5)高端中断向量(MT_HIGH_VECTORS):两级分页
6)RAM内存空间(NT_MEMORY):一级分段
7)ROM(flash)空间(MT_ROM):一级分段
--------------------------------------------- S3C6410 datasheet -----------------------------------------------------
S3C6410 支持32 位物理地址域,并且这些地址域分成两部分,一部分用于存储,另一部分用于外设。
通过SPINE 总线访问主存,主存的地址范围是0x0000_0000~0x6FFF_FFFF。主存部分分成四个区域:
引导镜像区、内部存储区、静态存储区和动态存储区。
引导镜像区的地址范围是从0x0000_0000~0x07FF_FFFF,但是没有实际的映射内存
每块内部存储器的起始地址是确定的。
内部ROM 的地址范围是0x0800_0000~0x0BFF_FFFF,但是实际存储仅32KB。该区域是只读的,并且当内部ROM 启动被选择时,该区域能映射到引导镜像区。
内部SRAM 的地址范围是0x0C00_0000~0x0FFF_FFFF,但是实际存储仅4KB。该区域能被读和写,当NAND 闪存启动被选择时能映射到引导镜像区。
静态存储区的地址范围是0x1000_0000~0x3FFF_FFFF。通过该地址区域能访问SROM、SRAM、 NOR Flash、同步NOR接口设备、和Steppingstone。
动态存储区的地址范围是0x4000_0000~0x6FFF_FFFF。DMC0有权使用地址0x4000_0000~0x4FFF_FFFF,并且DMC1有权使用地址0x5000_0000~0x6FFF_FFFF。
外设区域通过PERI 总线被访问,它的地址范围是0x7000_0000~0x7FFF_FFFF。这个地址范围的所有的SFR 能被访问。而且如果数据需要从NFCON 或CFCON 传输,这些数据需要通过PERI 总线传输。
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内存页(page)
ARM处理器支持1KB-4KB的页框大小。
ARM处理器默认页框打下为4KB。
页内存的结构为 struct page:
struct page {
unsigned long flags; /* Atomic flags, some possibly
* updated asynchronously */
atomic_t _count; /* Usage count, see below. */
union {
atomic_t _mapcount; /* Count of ptes mapped in mms,
* to show when page is mapped
* & limit reverse map searches.
*/
struct { /* SLUB */
u16 inuse;
u16 objects;
};
};
union {
struct {
unsigned long private; /* Mapping-private opaque data:
* usually used for buffer_heads
* if PagePrivate set; used for
* swp_entry_t if PageSwapCache;
* indicates order in the buddy
* system if PG_buddy is set.
*/
struct address_space *mapping; /* If low bit clear, points to
* inode address_space, or NULL.
* If page mapped as anonymous
* memory, low bit is set, and
* it points to anon_vma object:
* see PAGE_MAPPING_ANON below.
*/
};
#if USE_SPLIT_PTLOCKS
spinlock_t ptl;
#endif
struct kmem_cache *slab; /* SLUB: Pointer to slab */
struct page *first_page; /* Compound tail pages */
};
union {
pgoff_t index; /* Our offset within mapping. */
void *freelist; /* SLUB: freelist req. slab lock */
};
struct list_head lru; /* Pageout list, eg. active_list
* protected by zone->lru_lock !
*/
/*
* On machines where all RAM is mapped into kernel address space,
* we can simply calculate the virtual address. On machines with
* highmem some memory is mapped into kernel virtual memory
* dynamically, so we need a place to store that address.
* Note that this field could be 16 bits on x86 ... ;)
*
* Architectures with slow multiplication can define
* WANT_PAGE_VIRTUAL in asm/page.h
*/
#if defined(WANT_PAGE_VIRTUAL)
void *virtual; /* Kernel virtual address (NULL if
not kmapped, ie. highmem) */
#endif /* WANT_PAGE_VIRTUAL */
#ifdef CONFIG_WANT_PAGE_DEBUG_FLAGS
unsigned long debug_flags; /* Use atomic bitops on this */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_KMEMCHECK
/*
* kmemcheck wants to track the status of each byte in a page; this
* is a pointer to such a status block. NULL if not tracked.
*/
void *shadow;
#endif
};
/*
* A region containing a mapping of a non-memory backed file under NOMMU
* conditions. These are held in a global tree and are pinned by the VMAs that
* map parts of them.
*/
struct vm_region {
struct rb_node vm_rb; /* link in global region tree */
unsigned long vm_flags; /* VMA vm_flags */
unsigned long vm_start; /* start address of region */
unsigned long vm_end; /* region initialised to here */
unsigned long vm_top; /* region allocated to here */
unsigned long vm_pgoff; /* the offset in vm_file corresponding to vm_start */
struct file *vm_file; /* the backing file or NULL */
int vm_usage; /* region usage count (access under nommu_region_sem) */
bool vm_icache_flushed : 1; /* true if the icache has been flushed for
* this region */
};
内存区段(bank)
一个内存bank表示一块连续内存区域,,一个bank一般对应处理器的一个RAM片选管脚(pin)上链接的RAM芯片内存空间。